Author: Helen Barklam

IntroductionEnvironmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) is a term used to describe the three central factors in measuring the sustainability and ethical impact of an investment in a company or business. ESG criteria consider the impact a company has on the environment, its social policies, and its corporate governance practices. ESG investing has become increasingly popular in recent years as investors seek to align their investments with their values and beliefs. ESG investing is important because it allows investors to make decisions that are not only financially sound, but also socially responsible. By investing in companies that are committed to sustainability…

IntroductionEnterprise Value (EV) is a measure of a company’s total value, including both its equity and debt. It is a measure of the value of a company as a whole, and is often used as an alternative to equity market capitalization. EV is calculated by adding the market capitalization of a company to its total debt, minority interest and preferred shares, and then subtracting total cash and cash equivalents. This measure is useful for comparing companies of different sizes and capital structures, as it takes into account both the equity and debt components of a company’s capital structure. EV is…

IntroductionEndowment is a term used in finance to refer to a donation of money or property to a non-profit organization, educational institution, or other entity for the purpose of providing long-term financial support. Endowments are typically invested in a variety of assets, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate, and the income generated from these investments is used to fund the organization’s operations. Endowments are important sources of funding for many organizations, as they provide a steady stream of income that can be used to support the organization’s mission and activities. Endowments also provide a way for donors to make…

IntroductionEmployee Stock Option (ESO) is a type of stock option granted to employees of a company as part of their compensation package. It gives the employee the right to purchase a certain number of shares of the company’s stock at a predetermined price, known as the exercise price, within a certain period of time. ESOs are a form of equity compensation that can be used to attract and retain talented employees, as well as to reward them for their hard work and dedication. ESOs can also be used to incentivize employees to stay with the company for a longer period…

IntroductionAn emergency fund is a financial tool used to help individuals and families prepare for unexpected expenses. It is a savings account that is set aside for unexpected expenses such as medical bills, car repairs, or job loss. An emergency fund is an important part of personal finance because it provides a cushion of financial security in the event of an emergency. Having an emergency fund can help individuals and families avoid taking on debt or having to dip into their retirement savings. It can also help to reduce stress and anxiety associated with financial emergencies.What is an Emergency Fund…

IntroductionElectronic Funds Transfer (EFT) is a method of transferring money electronically from one account to another. It is a secure and efficient way to move funds between financial institutions, businesses, and individuals. EFT is a convenient way to make payments, receive payments, and transfer funds between accounts. It is also a cost-effective way to manage finances, as it eliminates the need for paper checks and other manual processes. EFT is a safe and reliable way to move money quickly and securely. It is also a great way to keep track of transactions, as all transfers are recorded and tracked. EFT…

IntroductionAn Electronic Communication Network (ECN) is an automated system that facilitates the trading of financial products such as stocks, bonds, and currencies. It is a computer-based system that connects buyers and sellers of securities in a virtual marketplace. ECNs are used by traders to access liquidity and execute trades quickly and efficiently. ECNs provide a transparent and efficient way to trade, as they allow traders to access multiple sources of liquidity and execute trades at the best available prices. ECNs also provide anonymity, as traders do not have to reveal their identity when trading. ECNs are used by both institutional…

IntroductionThe Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory that states that it is impossible to “beat the market” because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. This means that it is impossible to consistently achieve returns in excess of the market average by using any information that is already available. The EMH has implications for investors, as it suggests that it is difficult to outperform the market without taking on additional risk. As such, investors should focus on diversifying their portfolios and minimizing their costs in order to maximize their returns.What…

IntroductionEconomic Moat is a term used to describe a company’s competitive advantage over its competitors. It is a concept developed by Warren Buffett, the famous investor, to describe a company’s ability to maintain its competitive advantage over time. The term is derived from the idea of a moat around a castle, which protects it from attack. In the same way, a company’s economic moat protects it from competition. The importance of economic moat in investing is that it helps investors identify companies that have a sustainable competitive advantage and are likely to outperform their peers over the long term. Companies…